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香港,中国 - Media OutReach - 2018年6月15日 - 人体有两个肾脏,大小如拳头,形状如蚕豆。成年人的肾脏直径为10至12 厘米,重约150克。2016年,迪拜的Fariborz Bagheri医生为一名 56岁男病人进行肾脏切除手术,取出了一个长34厘米,宽17厘米,重4.25公斤的肾脏,超过正常肾脏重量的28倍,创下了健力士世界纪录。是什么病使肾脏长到比橄榄球还要大?答案是「多囊性肾病」。

多囊肾使肾脏大如橄榄球 新药治疗首获美国FDA认可

 

多囊性肾病又称「泡泡肾」

 

肾科专科马景荣医生指出,多囊性肾病(又称多囊肾)是最常见的遗传性肾病,主要分为常染色体显性多囊肾 (Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease,ADPKD)和常染色体隐性多囊肾(Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease,ARPKD)两种。ADPKD主要影响成年人,估计平均每1000人就有1人患病。患者的肾脏会出现大大小小的水泡,称为囊肿。这些囊肿会随着时间推移而增多变大,令肾脏变大并逐渐破坏肾功能。在香港现在的洗肾病人当中,约5%是由多囊肾引起。

 

超声波可做无创诊断

 

多囊肾早期并无明显症状,患者往往在出现并发症如血尿、高血压、肾功能衰退时,再进一步接受检查时才发现是多囊肾。马医生表示,曾经有一位年龄约40岁的女士几年前因感冒头痛向家庭医生求诊,当时已经发现血压轻微偏高。医生曾建议做一次详细的身体检查,但她怕抽血麻烦,故此不了了之。最近在全身检查时发现血压高至180 mmHg,肾功能也只有正常人的六成,小便有隐血(小便虽呈清澈,但在显微镜下发现有红血球)。患者经过肾脏超声波检查,最终被确诊为ADPKD。由于ADPKD属于显性遗传,患者的兄弟姐妹以及子女都有可能遗传到异常基因,马医生建议他们也需要考虑接受超声波检查。

 

新药治疗首获美国FDA认可

多囊肾以前并没有针对性的药物治疗,有部分患者40至50岁已经需要洗肾或换肾。今年四月,托伐普坦(Tolvaptan)首次获得美国食品及药物管理局(FDA) 批准作为减慢 ADPKD患者肾功能衰退的有效治疗药物。马医生指出,针对高危ADPKD患者,托伐普坦能有效地减慢肾脏增大和肾功能下降的速度。通过减慢肾功能下降的速度,希望可以帮助病人延后洗肾的时间。不过马医生也提醒,托伐普坦在部分患者身上可能导致不同程度的肝脏损伤,所以患者服药后必须定期验血检测肝功能情况。

 

医生问答

1.    新药托伐普坦适合哪些患者?

常染色体显性多囊肾(ADPKD)有急速恶化情况的成年患者,而且慢性肾病已达到1至3期,适合使用托伐普坦减缓病情。

 

2. 托伐普坦的疗效如何?

在肾功能仍有六成以上时开始使用托伐普坦,可减慢水泡增大的速度达到49%,减慢肾功能恶化的速度达到26%。

预计长期使用托伐普坦,可将发展至末期肾衰竭的时间延长6.5年,并有助于延长寿命2.6年。

 

3. 新药香港有吗?

现在托伐普坦可在香港使用,但属于自费药物。

多囊肾使肾脏大如橄榄球 新药治疗首获美国FDA认可

( 肾科专科马景荣医生 )

Source http://www.media-outreach.com/release.php/View/5814#Contact

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